30-04-2021



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The following software packages display or manipulate the relativelysimple class of FITS data files that containing 2-dimensional images, often of celestial objects in the night sky. It should be noted that FITS is a very generaldata format that is used for many different typesof astronomical data sets, so these packages are not necessarily capable ofreading every type of FITS file.Developers of new image display programs should be aware of the special requirements foreffectively displaying FITS images.

WMF provides a seamless way to manage various versions of Windows client and Windows Server. WMF installer packages contain updates to management functionality and are available for older versions of Windows. WMF installation adds and/or updates the following features: Windows PowerShell; Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC). It also comes with it's own Thumbnail viewer app that can be used to browse a hard disk and can be added to the right click in Explorer It supports WMF - not sure if it's native or uses the free Plugins pack Also there are basic bitmap edit tools included, but only in the 32 Bit version.

FITS Image Viewers

  • Image viewers for PC and Macs - an extensive listing of commercial and freeware image processing software compiledby the Astronomy Education Committee.
  • Aladin - Interactive Sky Atlas
  • APLpy - Astronomical Plotting Libraryin Python is a Python module aimed at producing publication-quality plots of astronomical imaging data in FITS format.
  • Aperture Photometry Tool -interactive software tool for visualizing and performing aperture photometrymeasurements on astronomical images.
  • ASTAP: viewer, image stacker, plate solver This program, available as an executable on Windows, Macs and most varieties of Linux, supports 8, 16, and 32 bit integerimages and also 32-bit floating point. including images using FITS compression. Users can determine the astrometric properties of images, stack and display them,including blind solving of the astrometry of each image using the GAIA database.
  • AstroImageJ: processing, modeling and plotting astronomical image data in one package based upon the ImageJ Java library.
  • Avis FITS Viewer - a FITS viewer for Windows. Only reads 8 and 16 bit FITS images.Converts to RAW, TIF, TGA, BMP, and JPEG formats
  • CCDLAB- a FITS image viewer and data reducer for Windows platformsbased upon the JPFITS FITS file interface.Features includefunctionality for manipulating the image data and header keywords,batch processing, general image reduction, source detection,and automatic or manual World Coordinate solutions.
  • Clearsky viewer- a javascript library for viewing a FITS image. Features include multiple regions of interest, stats, contrast, magnifying glass andmore.
  • ds9 (SAOImage ) - astronomical visualization application from SAO
  • FITS Liberator - a plug-in for Adobe Photoshop for manipulating FITS format images. Also works withPhotoshop Elements 2. Includes a short introduction toastronomicalimage processing.
  • Fits4Win2 Viewer (shareware with free beta version)- a FITS viewer for Windows. Works as an extension to Windows Explorer and includessupport for viewing thumbnail images of FITS files.
  • FitsPlug v2.0 (shareware with free beta version)- a FITS plug-in for Adobe Photoshop for Windows
  • FITSview - FITS image viewer from NRAO
  • fv - FITS file viewer and editor (supports FITS images and FITS tables)
  • GAIA - an image display and analysis tool from the U.K. Starlink Project. It is a derivativeof the ESO SkyCat tool
  • giv - A cross platform (posix andWindows) image viewer designed especially for scientific vision and computational geometry. Supports interactivebrightness and contrast adjustment of 2D images and 3D cubes in various dataformats, including FITS. Also supports drawing vector graphics on top of the image.
  • GLnemo2 - aninteractive 3D visualization program for n-body snapshots which supports2D and 3D FITS data, as well as other data formats. GLnemo2 is open source, multi-platform (linux, MacosX, windows), and uses qt5 API and openGL hardware acceleration.
  • ImageJ - a public domain, Java-based image processing program developed at the National Institutes of Health. ImageJ was designed with an open architecture that provides extensibility via Java plugins and recordable macros. It supports 8-bit and 16-bit integer and 32-bit floatingpoint images and RGB color images.
  • ImageTOOLSca (shareware, with a free trial period) - a FITS image viewer for Windows. Supports 16 and 32 bit integer FITS images.It can convert to or from other image formats such as TIFF, JPG, BMP, and Photoshop PSD, and can create AVI animations from a sequence of images.Also supports some image processingtasks such as bias subtraction and flatfielding.
  • JS9 - next generation astronomical visualization from SAO for both desktop and web applications.
  • KStars -KStars is free, open source, cross-platform (Linux, OSX, Windows) Astronomy Software. It provides an accurate graphical simulation of the night sky, from any location on Earth, at any date and time. KStars FITS Viewer tool supports grey scale and color (3D Cube) across all bit depths. It can display captured images from INDI cameras and video cameras.
  • Libvips -a fully demand-driven, threaded image processing library with no image size limits and with good support for colour. Reads and writes FITS images, as well asTIFF, JPEG, PPM, PNG, and other file formats. Has interfaces to C, C++ and Python,and a command-line interface that can be called from shell scripts.
  • MicroObservatoryImage 2.0 - astronomical image display program works with FITS and GIFimages on PCs and Macs. Can also perform mathematical image processingoperations on multiple images.
  • PhAst - A flexible IDL tool to display and analyze FITS images. It can calibrate raw images, provide astrometric solutions, and do circular aperture photometry. PhAst allows the user to load, process, and blink any number of images. Requires either an IDL license, or installation of the (free) IDL Virtual Machine.
  • QFitsView - An image viewer for 1-D, 2-D, and 3_D FITS images. It is written in C++ and uses the Qt widget library. Binary executables for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX, as well as the source code, are available.
  • RSpec - A Windows software package with manyspectroscopic analysis features that can process 2D FITS images and 1D tables. Canremove background, rotate, extract and process profiles.30-day free trial version available.
  • SkyCat - ESO tool combines image visualization and access to catalogs
  • Tria -an advanced image processing suite for Windows platforms (only), including deconvolution, image registration, and noise filtering functions. SupportsFITS, TIFF, BMP, JPEG, PNG, and WMF image formats.
  • xv (shareware) - interactive imagemanipulation program for X Window systems
  • xINDI - xINDI is a suite of native astronomical software tools for MacOS X built around INDI standard. It consists of binary INDI distribution wrapped into INDI Server application, INDI Control Panel application and FITS Viewer. The viewer is based on CFITSIO library and supports all standard monochromatic and color FITS image formats. It shows both an image (zoomed and stretched automatically, but manual correction of black and white point is available) and the image metadata.

WMF is Windows MetaFile Format - it contains Windows MetaFile binary data. WMZ is Windows Metafile Zipped format - it also contains Windows MetaFile binary data but compressed with GZIP. WMF files can be opened with Microsoft Paint, Adobe Illustrator, InkScape. WMZ files can be opened with the same applications but should be unpacked before open. As you can see in the screenshot above (taken on Windows 10), after installing the extension, you get thumbnails for WMF and EMF images in Windows File Explorer. You can also enable the Preview pane from the View tab above for a larger preview on the right of the selected image.

Image Format Converters - FITS to/from GIF, JPEG, etc

  • Netpbm - a package of graphics programs and programming library. Thedocumentation is on-line.In particular, see the fitstopmnandpmntofits programs. To first order, the following command converts a jpeg image to a FITS image on most Linux systems:
      djpeg file.jpg | pnmtofits > file.fits
    where 'djpeg' is available in the libjpeg RPM package.
  • ImageMagick - read, write, and manipulate images in over 68 formats
  • pbmplus - image file format conversion package
  • gimp - GNU Image Manipulation Package
  • FITS2jpeg - a FITS to jpeg converter provided by Bill Cotton (NRAO). It needs the CFITSIO and libjpeg libraries and produces grayscale images.
  • SAOImage ds9 - this FITS visualization application from SAO allows the image tobe saved as a jpeg, tiff, png, or ppm file on disk (use File->Saveas->Image...). This currently requires Ghostscript version 6.5 or higherin the path. From there one can go to gif format using xv. Anotheroption to is save the image as Postscript (File->Print...->File...) andthen use Ghostscript to convert to gif. (Provided gs was build witha corresponding gif driver included). The ds9 operations can bebuilt into a script using the XPA mechanism.

    As an example, the following command will open the file 'name.fits', zoom it to fit the window,save it in JPEG format to the file 'filename.jpeg', and then exit

    ds9 name.fits -zoom to fit -saveimage jpeg filename.jpeg -exit

    Other output image formats, besides jpeg, are png, tiff, ppm, and mpeg.Optionally, one can add '-zscale' or '-geometry 800x800' options to customizethe output image. These options and more are described using 'ds9 --help'.

  • MicroObservatoryImage 2.0- Image display and processing program can perform FITS to GIF conversion and create RGB color images or animated GIF files.
  • fts2gif - a simple FITS to gif converter written by Michal Szymanski (Warsaw University Observatory). It requires the'raw2gif' application from the giflib-3.0 library (Linux and Solaris versions of raw2gifare included in the fts2gif tar file).
  • ImageTOOLSca - (shareware, with a free trial period) converts 16 and 32 bitinteger FITS images to or from other formats such as TIFF, JPG, BMP, and Photoshop PSD, and can create AVI animations from a sequence of images.
  • VOConvert- a tool for converting ASCII or FITS tables toVOTable format.This tool was developed as part of the Virtual ObservatoryIndia initiative.

Notes Regarding the Display of FITS Images

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An application intended to render a FITS image for viewing by a user has significantly more responsibility than an application intended to handle other standard image formats (e.g., 'jpg' or 'gif' images). FITS data arrays contain elements which typically represent the values of a physical quantity at some coordinate location. Consequently they need not contain any pixel rendering information in the form of transfer functions, and there is no mechanism for color look-up tables. An application should provide this functionality, either statically using a more or less sophisticated algorithm, or interactively allowing a user various degrees of choice.(See also, ashort introduction to astronomical image processing).

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Furthermore, the elements in a FITS data array may be integers or floating point numbers. The dynamic range of the data array values may exceed that of the display medium and the eye, and their distribution may be highly nonuniform. Logarithmic, square-root, and quadratic transfer functions along with histogram equalization techniques have proved helpful for rendering FITS data arrays. Some elements of the array may have values which indicate that their data are undefined or invalid; these should be rendered distinctly.

The data array in a FITS image must have a dimensionality between 1 and 999, the boundaries inclusive, indicated by the NAXIS keyword. The extent of any coordinate axis in a FITS data array may, however, consist of only a single element. Hence an algorithm designed to render two-dimensional images will be capable of displaying a three- or four-dimensional FITS array when one or two of the axes consist of a single pixel.

Three-dimensional data arrays (NAXIS=3 with multiple elements along each) are of special interest. Inspection of the World Coordinate System (WCS) keywords in an image with NAXIS = 3 or more may indicate that one of the axes is temporal. Writers of viewer applications should consider presenting such an image in a fashion akin to that used for an animated GIF. Even in the absence of WCS indication of a temporal axis this time-lapse display technique can be effective, and application writers should consider offering it for all three-dimensional arrays.

A FITS image with NAXIS=1 is a one-dimensional entity such as a spectrum or a time series. Writers of applications intended to handle these one-dimensional FITS images should consider presenting such an image as a graphical plot rather than as a two-dimensional picture with a single row.

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Last revised: Sunday, 17-Jan-2021 17:35:01 EST
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